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T5he PAN AMERICAN UNION 

JOHN BARRETT : : Director General 
FRANCISCO J. YANES : Assistant Director 



SAO PAULO 

THE HEART OF COFFEE LAND 



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Reprinted from the June, 1918, issue of 
the Bulletin of the Pan American Union 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1918 



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THE PAN AMERICAN UNION is the inter- 
national organization and office maintained 
in Washington, D. C, by the twenty-one 
American republics, as follows: Argentina, Bolivia, 
Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Domini- 
can Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Hon- 
duras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, 
Salvador, United States, Uruguay, and Venezuela. 
It is devoted to the development and advancement 
of commerce, friendly intercourse, and good under- 
standing among these countries. It is supported 
by quotas contributed by each country, based upon 
the population. Its affairs are administered by a 
Director General and Assistant Director, elected 
by and responsible to a Governing Board, which is 
composed of the Secretary of State of the United 
States and the diplomatic representatives in Wash- 
ington of the other American governments. These 
two executive officers are assisted by a staff of 
international experts, statisticians, commercial 
specialists, editors, translators, compilers, libra- 
rians* clerks and stenographers. The Union pub- 
lishes a Monthly Bulletin in English, Spanish, 
Portuguese and French, which is a careful record 
of Pan American progress. It also publishes 
numerous special reports and pamphlets on various 
subjects of practical information. Its library, the 
Columbus Memorial Library, contains 40,000 vol- 
umes, 20,000 photographs, 150,000 index cards, and 
a large collection of maps. The Union is housed in 
a beautiful building erected through the munifi- 
cence of Andrew Carnegie. 

O, Of P. 



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SAO PAULO, or, to use the English equivalent, St. Paul, is 
the capital and business metropolis of one of Brazil's greatest 
States. Of the 20 States, 1 territory, and 1 federal district 
into which the great southern Republic is divided, the State 
of Sao Paulo and its splendid capital stand among the most pro- 
gressive units of the entire nation. 

To fully appreciate the enormous development that has made Sao 
Paulo one of the world's important and rapidly expanding cities, 
now numbering its people by nearly half a million, we must glance 
at the State of Sao Paulo, the industrial foundation upon which the 
city bases its prosperity. Sao Paulo is not the largest State of 
the Republic; in fact, there are numerous States of far greater size, 
but few, if any, of more importance in commercial, agricultural, and 
industrial development. The State is located between parallels of 
latitude 20 and 25 south, and between meridians 46 and 55 west 
(Paris). To the average reader it is easier to remember that the 
State lies west of the great coffee port of Santos, and mostly west 
of its capital city, Sao Paulo. In territory it is larger than the five 
New England States of North America, with Pennsylvania added, or 
an area of 112,300 square miles, embracing undulating plain and 
valley with several low mountain ranges extending across the coun- 
try. More than three-fourths of the State he within the region of 
the Tropic of Capricorn, and about one-eighth of Brazil's 24,000,000 
people reside within its boundaries. Nature has divided this terri- 
tory into two distinct regions — that bordering the Atlantic Ocean 
for nearly 400 miles, where the temperature is hot and moist and 
where bananas, cocoanuts, cacao, oranges, and other tropical prod- 
ucts grow in abundance. This coastal plain is narrow in the north, 
but gradually broadens to 80 miles or more near the southern boun- 
dary of the State. Westward from the low mountains bordering the 
coastal plain the country is higher and well suited to agricultural 
crops, of which coffee growing is the most important. In recent 
years various other crops have been introduced more generally and 
are now additional important industries, which, together with stock 
raising, are greatly increasing private and public revenues. 

Climbing the Coast Range or the Serra do Mar (at some places 
3,000 feet high) by the railroad between the sea at Santos and Sao 
Paulo city, a distance of 50 miles, we perceive changes in temperature 

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In the heart of the city many of the streets are narrow and vehicle traffic moves only in one direction. The 
buildings along these streets arc in many cases very expensive structures and in recent years, as space 
becomes more valuable, there is a tendency to add new stories or construct edifices of greater height. 



6 SAO PAULO THE HEART OF COFFEE LAND. 

and note how the country gradually and in places precipitously 
rises as the train moves westward. At Sao Paulo the altitude is 
about 2,500 feet, while the State as a whole averages 2,000 feet 
above the level of the sea. There are many higher elevations along 
the mountain ranges. The streams flowing to the Atlantic are 
short, while those which carry their waters northwestward, following 
the u lay of the land" are of considerable size, the largest being 
the Tiete River, which has been harnessed to supply the city of 
Sao Paulo with electric power, and also with water for domestic 
uses. This river traverses almost the entire length of the State, 
flowing in a northwesterly direction. 

In speaking of the climate of this part of Brazil we must distin- 
guish between lowlands and the plateau region; the former, of course, 
being hot, but tempered by the cooling breezes from the Atlantic. 
Over the greater part of the State the temperature varies about 40° 
between the warmest days of summer and the coolest period of 
winter. The average maximum for summer is given at 93° F. and 
the winter minimum at 43° F. In the Southern Hemisphere the 
seasons are reversed, as everyone knows, and Sao Paulo's winter is 
in June, July, and August; December, January, and February are 
summer; March, April, and May are autumn months; September, 
October, and November comprise the spring season. While the 
sunshine of summer is hot and unpleasant, the temperature of the 
nights is usually much lower. Sunstroke is almost unknown. Rain 
in winter is comparatively light, but as a compensating influence 
nature sends heavy dews, so that vegetation rarely suffers for lack 
of moisture. Frosts, however, occasionally damage crops, but where 
the proper precaution is taken to protect the tender growth such 
danger is reduced to a minimum. In recent years health conditions 
in various cities of the State have greatly improved by the introduc- 
tion of modern sanitation methods and pure water systems, so the 
stranger going to the region of Sao Paulo is about as safe in point of 
health as anywhere in the world. 

Sao Paulo, the State capital, is one of Brazil's oldest cities, its 
fragmentary history dating from 1500, when the Portuguese discov- 
ered the country. Those famous navigators, according to historians 
of the age, planned settlements along the coast of the newly found 
land, but a body of adventurers accidentally met a sailor of Portu- 
guese extraction who previously had suffered shipwreck and who had 
married the daughter of an Indian chieftain known as Tibirica. This 
sailor, whose name is given as Joao Ramalho, was living with the 
aborigines near a place called Sao Vicente, or at least so designated 
later. Afterwards it fell to the duty of Jose de Anchieta, a Jesuit 
missionary, to provide instruction for the natives, as well as for Por- 
tuguese, a task for which he was peculiarly fitted by training and 




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SAO PAULO THE HEART OF COFFEE LAND. 9 

inclination. In 1552 a school was started on the plains further inland, 
and as mass was first celebrated there on the anniversary of the 
conversion of St. Paul, this school took the name of the saint. In 
1558 the Jesuits, under Manoel de Nobrega, actually founded the 
present city of Sao Paulo. Two years later, Mem de Sa, the governor 
general of Brazil, authorized the christening of the place as Sao Paulo 
de Piratininga, and for some years thereafter the people who resided 
there were called Piratininganos. With the opening of the eighteenth 
century the Portuguese " capitania" of Sao Vicente, within the bounds 
of which the new town had been started, was separated from Rio de 
Janeiro and placed under the " capitania" of Sao Paulo. In 1815, 
when this Portuguese title was abolished, the city became the capital 
of the Province, and still later the capital of the State. 

Passing over many eventful periods, Sao Paulo has outgrown its 
youthful years and stands to-day as a great city — the third in com- 
mercial importance of the South American continent. Surrounding 
the city we find a fertile rolling country, devoted largely to coffee 
and other crops. The State is credited with 2,000,000 acres devoted 
to coffee growing, representing an outlay of $500,000,000, and pro- 
ducing annually about 60 per cent of the world's coffee, the bulk of 
which trade centers in the capital. Furthermore, the network of 
7,000 miles of railroads connecting the city with adjoining States is 
responsible for making Sao Paulo an interstate rather than a local 
outlet and trading mart. 

The area of the city proper covers about 14 square miles, and its 
population of nearly 500,000 inhabitants has quadrupled during the 
last 30 years. About 35 per cent of the people are foreigners, the 
Italians being greater in number, followed by Germans, Portuguese, 
Spaniards, French, and English. There is a sprinkling of North 
Americans, who represent something like 50 different commercial 
interests of the United States. The city's birth rate growth of 40.80 
per 1,000 inhabitants has been largely augmented by a constant flow 
of European immigration, while the death rate of 20.50 per 1,000 
indicates the healthy condition of the people. 

Sao Paulo's streets are both ancient and modern. The narrow and 
often congested business thoroughfares contrast strikingly with the 
broad avenues that cross the city and extend through the newer 
suburban sections. In the latter we find such an abundance of shade 
trees that one is reminded of Washington, while the large number of 
detached private residences suggest Denver or Buffalo, where such 
attractive construction ideas are proving more and more popular. 
In Sao Paulo, too, we find types of the chalet, the Moorish palace, the 
French Rennaissance, and other features of architecture more or less 
modified to suit local conditions. The Tiete River, passing through 
the northern suburbs of Sao Paulo, is an extremely crooked stream, 
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12 SAO PAULO THE HEART OF COFFEE LAND. 

and numerous affluents flowing through the city in various directions 
seem to have influenced the early builders and some of the oldest 
streets are crooked or winding. The business heart of the city, often 
referred to as the triangle, is served by active streets locally known 
as ruas. Thus Rua Sao Prento, Rua Quinze de Novembro, and Rua 
Direita are among the most important in the so-called triangle dis- 
trict. Overlooking the Largo do Palacio, also in the midst of business 
life, stands the Government palace. From this point streets and 
avenues radiate to all parts of the city and suburbs. In this business 
area the city blocks are not so regular or uniform as are the newer 
sections of Sao Paulo. The Avenida Tiradentes extends northward 
to the Tiete; from the center of the city the Avenida Rangel Pestana 
opens a direct course to the eastward, passing one of the leading mar- 
kets. Three thoroughfares leading to the southward, Ruas Liber- 
dade, Santo Amaro, and Consolacao, provide direct access to the 
magnificent Avenida Paulista, by far the most beautiful boulevard 
of the capital. The principal business streets of the city are paved 
with asphalt and other materials, a feature that has encouraged the 
use of motor vehicles of all descriptions. (Last year Sao Paulo 
imported more automobiles than any other city of the country.) 

The numerous parks of the city reflect the large sums of money 
that have been expended in making them attractive. In numerous 
cases artificial lakes, natural streams, rustic bridges, statues, fine 
shade trees, and blooming flowers offer attractions to citizen and 
stranger alike. 

Sao Paulo is a city of wealth, individual as well as official. Agri- 
culture and industry have made many private fortunes, and these 
fortunes are reflected in the unusual number of palatial homes in the 
city proper and in the suburbs. No stranger can drive about the 
city without noticing the vast amount of capital and the diversified 
architectural talent that has been called to provide for Sao Paulo's 
wealthy residents. 

On the other hand, the city's public buildings indicate that State 
and municipal revenues have been large. For instance, in a recent 
year the city tax receipts amounted to $2,162,900. These funds are 
derived from taxes on industrial establishments and professions, 
vehicles, slaughterhouses, transportation companies, etc., and they 
represent 70 per cent of the total amount collected by the munici- 
pality. The public expenditures of the city are largely included 
under four groups, as follows: Service of debts, collection of taxes, 
street cleaning, and public works. In the year represented by the 
above-cited revenues the city expenditures were $2,030,500. 

The public buildings of Sao Paulo are notable, and most of the 
more modern structures represent large expenditures. They are 
scattered through the city, among the most important being the Gov- 




THE SCHOOL t 0F COMMERCE, SAO PAULO" 

In recent yearslthe commercial and industrial sciences have attained wide popularity among the young 
people of the city and State, and the courses now pursued are annually preparing large numbers for 
-"[these fields of labor. 




THE NORMAL SCHOOL OF SAO PAULO. 

This fine edifice, with its beautiful surroundings, [is one of the popular educational institutions of the 
city, and students from all sections of the State and from other States are found among the student 
body. Graduates of this institution also occupy teaching positions all over the country. 



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GENERAL VIEW OF THE POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE. 

The scientific and practical courses here offered are well patronized by the youth of Brazil. 
laboratories of this institution are especially complete and modern. 



The 




ONE OF THE MANY MAGNIFICENT PRIVATE RESIDENCES OF SAO PAULO. 




ANOTHER FINE RESIDENCE, WITH SPACIOUS GROUNDS. 

The vast returns from agricultural and manufacturing enterprise is often reflected in the splendid, 
residences that dot the newer part of the city. 



SAO PAULO THE HEART OF COEFEE LAND. 15 

eminent Palace; the Palace of Agriculture, Finance, and Industry; 
the executive residence; the Polytechnic, the Normal, the Agricul- 
tural School, respectively; the Municipal Theater; Charity Hospital; 
the Academy of Law; the Sao Paulo Railway station, etc., which 
rival similar buildings of any great city. One of Sao Paulo's most 
beautiful buildings is the Ypiranga Museum. Aside from the 
museum's ethnographical and zoological features, the great edifice 
stands on an eminence in the city's suburbs where Dom Pedro I pro- 
claimed Brazil's independence from Portugal September 7, 1822. 
The Paulistas have, therefore, chosen this historic site, which, with its 
museum, is of interest to every visitor. 

One of the very important enterprises of Sao Paulo is the Instituto 
Serum therapico, also near the city, with its staff of workers engaged 
in scientific research and in the preparation of various serums for 
treatment of snake bites, smallpox, diphtheria, etc. Every year 
there are thousands of persons on Brazilian plantations who are 
bitten by serpents. These unfortunates owe a debt of gratitude to 
the eminent director of this unique institution, Dr. Vital Brazil, and 
his assistants, whose labors are responsible for the saving of many 
lives from snake bite and the maladies mentioned. For the former 
trouble, the institute prepares three serums —one is an antidote 
for the rattlesnake's bite, another counteracts the venom of the 
jararaca and other deadly reptiles, while the third serum is used 
to cure the bite when the species of reptile causing the trouble is 
unknown. Naturally, the sight of hundreds of serpents gathered 
from all over Brazil is repulsive to the average visitor, but when one 
reflects and remembers the marvelous life-saving results of this unique 
institute its importance can not be overestimated. Among Dr. Bra- 
zil's discoveries is a species of nonvenomous reptile that seeks and 
kills the venomous. 

The industrial progress of Sao Paulo has been marked during recent 
years, and to-day we find the manufactories of the city represent an 
investment of about$12,000,000, with an annual output of $20,000,000 
worth of products. The number of workmen engaged in this line of 
employment is given at 40,000. Briefly, the factories are classified 
according to the following yearly value (approximate) of production: 
Cotton, wool, and jute goods, $6,000,000; shoes, $3,000,000; hats, 
$3,000,000; beer and other beverages, $4,000,000; pharmaceutical 
goods, perfumery, etc., $1,000,000; matches, $500,000; umbrellas, sun- 
shades, etc., $200,000; various other industries, $1,800,000. These 
figures, it should be understood, are compiled as of 1915 activities. 
At the present time Brazil's difficulty in obtaining foreign manu- 
factured goods, owing largely to the lack of adequate ocean trans- 
portation facilities, has doubtless resulted in a greater local output 
of goods and also a larger variety than those of normal times. 




WHERE THE CITY OF .SAO PAULO OBTAINS ITS ELECTRICAL POWER. 

This plant is situated at Paranhyba, about 20 miles from the city. At the former place the Sao Paulo 
Tramway, Light and Power Co. has constructed large reservoirs, the water from which operates the 
generators, and then current is conveyed to Sao Paulo for the street-car system and for many other uses. 




THE MAIN BUILDING OF THE STATE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

Great progress has been made In all branches of agriculture throughout the State of Sao Paulo, and 
within this structure many activities have been originated that have aided the planter. 




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18 SAO PAULO THE HEART OF COFFEE LAND. 

In 1917 an industrial exposition was held in Sao Paulo — an event 
that brought together many samples of local manufacture. The 
exhibits included clay products, chinaware, decorative tiling, fire 
brick, glass, leather goods, rope, and various other things, as well 
as the machinery which several corporations are making for the local 
manufacturer. The latter has been accustomed to importing ma- 
chinery, but, since the great war has affected the production in so 
many countries, the Brazilian is originating or enlarging local imple- 
ment manufacturing plants; so the ancient adage that " necessity is 
the mother of invention'' aptly applies to Sao Paulo's progressive 
business men — they are making locally certain machinery that can not 
now be obtained in foreign lands. 

Manufacturing activities are especially reflected in textiles. The 
samples on exhibition included silks, hosiery, underwear, ribbons, 
woolen and worsted goods, suitings, and a large variety of small 
articles hitherto imported. The exhibitors showed a variety of hats, 
including the finest silk hat, the derby, the soft felt, and a surprising 
assortment of such articles made from straw. 

The manufacturers of Sao Paulo propose to make this exhibit a 
permanent feature of business, and to that end a large building has 
been planned and is partially completed. In fact, the exposition 
above mentioned occupied the finished portion of the new structure, 
where at least 200 different manufacturers had their products shown 
to the public. 

In Brazil the State exercises all the powers not delegated by the 
national constitution to the Federal Union. The basis or unit of the 
organization of the State is the municipality whose autonomy is 
guaranteed by the constitution. The division of the State into 
municipalities must not be altered in such a manner as to permit an 
allotment of fewer than 10,000 inhabitants to the municipality. The 
autonomy of the municipality is guaranteed in all matters of its 
peculiar interest. The laws originating with the municipal powers 
may be annulled if they clash with the national or State constitu- 
tions or with the rights of other municipalities. 

In local or other elections the following persons are not allowed to 
vote: Beggars, illiterates, private soldiers (with the exception of 
students of the military colleges), members of monastic orders, 
religious companies, congregations and communities of any denomina- 
tion whatever subject to vows of obedience, rules, or by-laws entail- 
ing the renunciation of individual liberty, etc. 

The municipality of Sao Paulo is governed in accordance with the 
organic law promulgated in 1891, and the municipal powers are both 
legislative and executive; the former is exercised by the municipal 
chamber (board of aldermen), the members of which are chosen from 
the several city districts. 





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20 SAO PAULO THE HEART OF COFFEE LAND. 

The municipal chamber has the right to make laws for the munici- 
pality providing for streets and buildings, markets, public instruc- 
tion, water, transportation, lighting, parks, police and fire depart- 
ments, etc. If the city authorities wish to issue municipal bonds, 
which has been done in many cases in re ; ; ut years in Sao Paulo, the 
State imposes certain restrictions that iliust be considered and the 
State congress must also pass on all external obligations. The execu- 
tive branch of the city government is under an officer locally known 
as the "Prefeito," corresponding in a general way to a mayor of a 
city in the United States. This officer is elected by popular vote for 
the usual four-year term. 

Certain phases of city development and beautification owe much 
to the utilization of near-by watercourses for developing electrical 
energy. The Tiete and the Guarapiranga Rivers have been harnessed 
for this purpose, and vast outlays of cap (al and engineering work 
have combined to provide for growth and contingencies. To-day the 
street car system, the electric light service/, and various public indus- 
tries are supplied with current produced by two leading companies. 
The trackage of the street railways amounts to a total of about 150 
miles, on which are operated approximately 450 cars, and in a single 
year the estimates place the total run of these cars at something like 
10,000,000 miles. For lighting the streets and parks of Sao Paulo 
there are nearly 500 arc lamps and about 333,000 incandescent lamps; 
private consumers of electricity continue to grow in number, there 
being 27,000 of these consumers, while 1,500 or more business con- 
cerns purchase electrical power. 

For the preservation of public order the city has one of the very 
best organized police forces to be found in the country. It is pri- 
marily a military institution and is under the supervision of the sec- 
retary of justice of the State, while a colonel of the federal army has 
direct command. There is a total of about 5,000 men, comprising 
cavalry, infantry, a fire company, and a civil guard. The latter 
body of 2,000 men wear the ordinary police uniform and badge 
and otherwise perform the usual city policeman's duty. Hospital 
ambulance service is always at the call of the police to render aid 
to the sick or injured. 

Educational advantages are generously provided for Sao Paulo's 
youth, there being more than 180 separate city schools for elementary 
instruction alone, with an enrolled attendance of about 26,000. For 
higher and professional training there is the Polytechnic School, the 
School of Arts and Crafts, the Faculty of Law, the Faculty of Medi- 
cine, and the Odontological School, all of which are liberally patron- 
ized by the ambitious young Paulistas. Naturally, the teaching of 
agricultural sciences is well provided for, and in recent years such 
courses seem to be gaining in favor among the youth of the city and 




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22 SAO PAULO THE HEART OF COFFEE LAND. 

State. In strictly higher commercial training there is the School of 
Commerce, which in recent years has been gaining popularity in its 
several courses leading to business careers. In the fields of music 
and art the city is well supplied with local and foreign teachers and 
institutions, the Conservatory of Music usually having several hun- 
dred students in attendance. McKenzie Institute, a North American 
school, has also contributed liberally to Brazilian education. In 
proportion to population Sao Paulo stands near if not at the head of 
Brazilian cities in the value of school properties and in the expendi- 
tures for public and private instruction; yet, we find many young 
Paulistas in foreign countries taking postgraduate courses in the 
varied professions to return later to their homes to engage in their 
respective fields of labor. 

Among charitable institutions the Santa Casa da Misericordia 
stands as the oldest and one of the most prominent of the city. This 
hospital and home has about 1,200 beds and is otherwise prepared 
to care for the sick and unfortunate. It is conducted by the Sisters 
of St. Joseph of Chambery, and is also aided in its noble work by 
donations from the public. There is also the Asylum of the Good 
Shepherd, the Samaritan Hospital, the Asylum for Foundlings, and 
various other charities that care for the aged, the infirm, the blind, 
the insane, and the helpless. 

Club life, sports, and amusements absorb much of the time of the 
people of Sao Paulo. Like other large cities where the strenuous 
duties of business demand pleasures and relaxation, ample provisions 
have been made in this metropolis of southern Brazil. The Geo- 
graphic and Historic Society, with its large membership, corresponds 
to leading associations of this nature in Europe and the United States. 
For those engaged in agricultural production, many of whom main- 
tain handsome residences in Sao Paulo in addition to their plantation 
or fazenda homes, the Sociedade Paulista, the Centro Agricola, or 
the ever popular Jockey Club are the rendezvous of prosperous and 
well-known citizens. There are also numerous social clubs, such as 
the International (the oldest of Sao Paulo), the Sao Paulo, the 
Automobile, the Athletic, the Regatta, etc., all more or less popular 
and in many cases with headquarters reflecting large expenditures 
in buildings and grounds. The Athletic Club's grounds stand on a 
hill in the suburbs and at certain seasons are alive with people 
gathered to witness exciting cricket or other contests. Occasionally 
match games are played with Argentina or other clubs, and these 
international events naturally bring forth very large crowds. The 
Regatta Club, with its attractive home within 15 minutes' street 
car ride from the center of the city, is especially popular with the 
younger business men and students, who participate in rowing, swim- 
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015 934"3S" , 5' 

Of newspapers the Correio Paulistano is the city's oldest daily 
journal, having been established in 1854. To-day there are about 14 
daily papers, counting afternoon and morning issues, and these jour- 
nals are well supplied with foreign and domestic news gathered by 
correspondents and associations all over the world. Sao Paulo also 
has several illustrated weekly publications, while the foreign popula- 
tion has for its use a number of journals published in Italian, German, 
French, Syrian, and other languages. 

Most travelers journey to Sao Paulo by rail from Rio de Janeiro 
or by rail from the port of Santos. Either trip is over roads that 
rank among the very best of South America. The former traverses 
about 300 miles of a semi-interior agricultural region and gives one a 
glance at least of life and conditions en route. The train de luxe on 
this line is usually operated at night and has excellent sleeping accom- 
modations; passengers retiring in either city and arising next morn- 
ing in Sao Paulo or Rio de Janeiro, as the case may be. The writer^ 
however, prefers the slower day train, which spends from early morn 
until dark in traversing the distance. By the slower service the 
stranger views the country and has a fair opportunity for noting the 
commercial aspects, observes the native in fields of labor, and inci- 
dentally sees other activities not possible on a night trip. 

From Santos to Sao Paulo the 50-mile trip is made over one of the 
costliest railroads of South America and one that pays perhaps the 
highest dividends to stockholders. From the port the line first trav- 
erses a lowland for some miles until arriving at the base of the Serra 
do Mar; here the ordinary locomotive is detached and a cable- 
gripping engine climbs the semiperpendicular heights with three or 
four cars. After reaching the Station of Alto Serra at the top of the 
incline the ordinary locomotive draws the train some miles further 
into a splendid new station at Sao Paulo. This trip of a few hours 
is especially notable for its fine views, and for the engineer or builder 
it offers a glimpse of marvelous feats of engineering. In 1901 a new 
line was completed, following a slightly different route; the first 
road was constructed about 1867. The Sao Paulo Railway is aptly 
termed the greatest coffee-carrying railroad of the world, and at its 
seaport terminal, Santos, especially between the months of August 
and January, the vast coffee storehouses with an army of brokers, 
merchants, buyers, laborers, carts, motor trucks, ships and seamen, 
reflects a marvelous activity amounting in value to millions of dol- 
lars annually. Santos itself, a city of 50,000 people, has grown and 
modernized in recent years and is to-day the ocean gateway to the 
world's greatest coffee land. 



Conservation Resources 
Lig-Free® Type I 
Ph&S, Buffered 



